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P40.008

Gladiators, 1940
Oil and pencil on canvas
24½ x 28 in.
62.2 x 71.1 cm
Signed front lower left: P. GUSTON
Provenance
The Museum of Modern Art, New York. Gift of Edward R. Broida
Edward R. Broida
Dr. and Mrs. Joel Freedman, New York
Exhibitions
Iowa Memorial Union, Iowa City, IA, "Paintings and Drawings by Philip Guston", March 05, 1944 - March 19, 1944 
Midtown Gallery, New York, NY, "Philip Guston", January 15, 1945 - February 10, 1945 
Institute of Modern Art, Boston, MA, "Twelve Americans", March 08, 1946 - April 07, 1946
Watkins Institute, Nashville, TN, "[Unknown Title]", October 01, 1948 - October 23, 1948
Michigan State College, East Lansing, MI, "[Unknown Title]", February 06, 1949 - February 24, 1949
University Gallery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, "Philip Guston", April 10, 1950 - May 12, 1950 
Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, Madrid, Spain, "Philip Guston: Retrospectiva de Pintura", March 01, 1989 - May 08, 1989  Travelled to:
Palau de la Virreina, Barcelona, Spain, "Philip Guston: Retrospectiva de Pintura", May 25, 1989 - July 16, 1989
Saint Louis Art Museum, St. Louis, MO, "Philip Guston: 50 Years of Painting", September 09, 1989 - October 22, 1989
Dallas Museum of Art, Dallas, TX, "Philip Guston: 50 Years of Painting", November 19, 1989 - January 14, 1990
University of Iowa Museum of Art, Iowa City, IA, "Philip Guston: Working Through the Forties", January 25, 1997 - March 16, 1997  Travelled to:
Greenville County Museum of Art, Greenville, SC, "Philip Guston: Working Through the Forties", April 09, 1997 - June 29, 1997
Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Institute Museum of Art, Utica, NY, "Philip Guston: Working Through the Forties", November 15, 1997 - January 04, 1998
Orlando Museum of Art, Orlando, FL, "The Edward R. Broida Collection: A Selection of Works", March 12, 1998 - June 21, 1998
Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, "Philip Guston Retrospective", March 30, 2003 - June 08, 2003  Travelled to:
San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, San Francisco, CA, "Philip Guston Retrospective", June 28, 2003 - September 27, 2003
The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, "Philip Guston Retrospective", October 27, 2003 - January 04, 2004
Royal Academy of Arts, London, England, "The Art of Philip Guston: 1913-1980", January 24, 2004 - April 12, 2004
The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, "Against the Grain: Contemporary Art from the Edward R. Broida Collection", May 03, 2006 - July 10, 2006
Santa Monica Museum of Art, Santa Monica, CA, "Enigma Variations: Philip Guston and Giorgio de Chirico", September 09, 2006 - November 25, 2006
The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, "Abstract Expressionist New York: The Big Picture", October 03, 2010 - April 25, 2011 Travelled to:
Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, "Abstract Expressionist New York: The Big Picture", May 28, 2011 - September 04, 2011
The Museum of Modern Art, New York, NY, "Painting and Sculpture Changes 2011", December 09, 2011 - June 19, 2012
Royal Academy of Arts, London, England, "Mexico: A Revolution in Art 1910 - 1940", July 06, 2013 - September 29, 2013
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Boston, MA, "Philip Guston Now", May 01, 2022 - September 11, 2022  Travelled to:
The Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Houston, TX, "Philip Guston Now", October 23, 2022 - January 15, 2023
National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C., "Philip Guston Now", March 02, 2023 - August 27, 2023
Tate Modern, London, England, "Philip Guston", October 05, 2023 - February 25, 2024
Bibliography
Janson, H. W. "'Martial Memory' by Philip Guston and American Painting Today." Bulletin of the City Art Museum of Saint Louis, December 1942, pp. 34–41, Fig. 3 illus. in b&w p. 41, titled as "Fighting Boys"
Daily Iowan. "Prof. Philip Guston's Paintings of Army, Navy on Display." March 5, 1944, p. 3, mentioned in text, not illus.
Paintings and Drawings by Philip Guston. Exh. cat. Iowa City: State University of Iowa, 1944, cat. no. 17, not illus.. No specific date for work listed
Breuning, Margaret. "Philip Guston Impresses in New York Debut." Art Digest, January 15, 1945, p. 12, mentioned in text, not illus.
Philip Guston. Exh. cat. New York: Midtown Galleries, 1945, cat. no. 11, not illus., listed as being from 1940
Twelve Americans. Exh. cat. Boston: The Institute of Modern Art, 1946, cat. no. 8, not illus., listed as being from 1940
Campbell, Ruth. "Art Exhibit at Watkins Is Fine Cultural Gesture." Tennessean, October 3, 1948, mentioned in text, not illus.
Lansing State Journal. "Two New York Exhibits Open on MSC Campus." February 6, 1949, section two, p. 11, illus. in b&w
Philip Guston. Exh. cat. Minneapolis: University Gallery, University of Minnesota, 1950, cat. no. 1, illus. in b&w no page #, listed as being from 1940
Ashton, Dore. Yes, but... A Critical Study of Philip Guston. New York: Viking, 1976, illus. in b&w p. 48. Listed as being from 1940
Workman, Andree M. "Guston: A Born-Again Painter." West Art (Auburn, CA), June 13, 1980, pp. 1, 3, mentioned in text p. 3, not illus.
Philip Guston. Exh. cat. New York: George Braziller, 1980, Fig. 3 illus. in b&w p. 15
Storr, Robert. Philip Guston. New York: Abbeville Modern Masters, 1986, illus. in color no. 10 p. 15 and mentioned in text pp. 16, 17, 19 and 82. Listed as being from 1938
Gallego, Julian. "El gusto de Guston." ABC (Madrid), March 2, 1989, mentioned in text, not illus.
Miralles, Francesc. "Guston, la lucha a contracorriente: Se exhibe en Barcelona una retrospectiva del pintor norteamericano." La Vanguardia (Barcelona), June 17, 1989, mentioned in text, not illus.
Brandenburg, John. "Seeing Guston's Art Requires a 'Leap' to Dallas." Oklahoman (Oklahoma City, OK), December 24, 1989, section Travel & Entertainment, p. 4, mentioned in text, not illus.
Philip Guston: Retrospectiva de Pintura. Exh. cat. Essays by Mark Rosenthal, Robert Storr, Carrie Rickey, Francisco Calvo Serraller, and Dore Ashton. Madrid: Ministerio de Cultura, Dirección General de Bellas Artes y Archivos, Centro Nacional de Exposiciones, 1989, cat. no. 3, illus. in color p. 34, listed as being from 1938
Ashton, Dore. A Critical Study of Philip Guston. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, illus. in b&w p. 48
Day, Jeffrey. "Greenville Takes the Lead with Guston and Mann Exhibits." The State (Columbia, SC), May 11, 1997, section Tempo, pp. F1, F3, mentioned in text p. F1, not illus.
Patterson, Tom. "Guston's '40s Works Frame His Future." Charlotte Observer, May 18, 1997, section Arts & Entertainment, pp 1F & 4F, mentioned in text p. 4F, not illus.
Philip Guston: Working Through the Forties. Exh. cat. Iowa City: University of Iowa Museum of Art, 1997, Paintings cat. no. 1, illus. in color p. 21
Mack, Gerhard. "Philip Guston Künstler." Kritisches Lexikon der Gegenwartskunst 36, no. 3 (1997): pp. 1–16, illus. in color fig. 2, p. 4
The Edward R. Broida Collection: A Selection of Works. Exh. cat. Orlando: Orlando Museum of Art, 1998, illus. in color p. 70
Leydier, Richard. "Philip Guston l'heretique/The Heresies of Philip Guston." Art Press, October 2000, pp. 36–41, mentioned in text p. 39, not illus.
Newton, Steven James. Painting, Psychoanalysis, and Spirituality. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, illus. in b&w fig. 17 p. 122 and mentioned in text pp. 122-123
Cooper, Harry. "Recognizing Guston (In Four Slips)." October 99 (2002): pp. 96–129, mentioned in text p. 120, not illus.
Hancock, Trenton Doyle. "Philip Guston Retrospective: Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth." Art Lies (Houston), Summer 2003, p. 67, illus. in b&w and mentioned in text
Slifkin, Robert S. "Dark Unfathomed Retrospect." Art Journal 62, no. 4 (2003): pp. 105–08, mentioned in text p. 106, not illus.
Auping, Michael. Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, Philip Guston Retrospective. Exh. cat. London: Thames & Hudson, 2003, illus. in color Plate 6, unpaginated (but would be p. 103) and mentioned in text pp. 23-24 (Michael E. Shapiro essay), briefly mentioned in text p. 76 (Joseph Rishel essay). Listed as from 1938.
Campbell, Peter. "Philip Guston fouls the nest." London Review of Books, February 5, 2004. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Rubinstein, Raphael. "Philip Guston: Some Thoughts." Art in America, March 2004, mentioned in text p. 86, not illus.
McKenzie, Dr. Janet. "The Art of Philip Guston: 1913–1980." Studio International, March 5, 2004. Online, illus. in color
Zaller, Robert. "The Abandoned Studio: Philip Guston's Gnostic Testament." Boulevard 20, no. 2-3 (2005): pp. 100–18, mentioned in text p. 113, not illus.
Smith, Roberta. "One Collection, Many Stories from the Land of Mavericks." The New York Times, May 12, 2006, mentioned in text, not illus.
Antiques and the Arts Weekly (Newtown, CT). "'Against the Grain' at MoMA Highlights Broida Gift of Contemporary Works." June 2, 2006, illus. in b&w p. 22
Knight, Christopher. "ART REVIEW; Inspiration Didn't Come from Above; Philip Guston's Great Works Stem from His Admiration for Bad Art." Los Angeles Times, September 15, 2006, Home edition, section Calendar, pp. E1, E20 and E21, mentioned in text p. E20, not illus.
Melandri, Lisa, and Michael R. Taylor. Enigma Variations: Philip Guston and Giorgio de Chirico. Exh. cat. Santa Monica: Santa Monica Museum of Art, 2006, illus. in color Plate 8 p. 45. Listed as being from 1938
Elderfield, John, and Ann Temkin. Against the Grain: Contemporary Art from the Edward R. Broida Collection. Exh. cat. New York: The Museum of Modern Art, 2006, illus. in color p. 60
Hohmeyer, Boris. "Die Entdeckung der Wirklichkeit." Art: Das Kunstmagazin March 2007, pp. 26–35, illus. in color p. 34, listed as being from 1938
Allen, Tom. "The Soothsayer's Recompense." X-TRA 9, no. 4, (2007), mentioned in text, not illus.
McKenzie, Janet. "The Art of Philip Guston: 1913-1980". In Studio International Yearbook. New York: The Studio Trust, 2007, pp. 60-67, Fig. 4, illus. in color p. 63
Botelho, Manuel. Guston em contexto: até ao regresso da figura. Lisbon: Livros Vendaval, 2007, illus. in color p. 41
Bucklow, Christopher. What Is in the Dwat: The Universe of Guston's Final Decade. Grasmere, England: Wordsworth Trust, 2007, Plate 1, illus. in color p. 169 and mentioned in text p. 127. Listed as having been done in 1938
Wilson, Richard. "Brash Attacks." Albany [NY]: Albany Records, 2008. Audio recording, illus. in color on front album cover
Sandler, Irving. Abstract Expressionism and the American Experience: A Reevaluation. Lenox: Hard Press Editions, 2009, mentioned in text p. 160, not illus.
Miller, Peter Benson, ed. Philip Guston Roma. Exh. cat. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2010, mentioned in text p. 88 (Dore Ashton essay), not illus.
Slifkin, Robert. "Philip Guston's Return to Figuration and the "1930s Renaissance" of the 1960s." The Art Bulletin 93, no. 2 (2011): pp. 220–42, mentioned in text n8 p. 239, not illus.
Gayford, Martin. "Frida Kahlo Meets Lovers Trotsky, Rivera in Mexico Show." Bloomberg, August 6, 2013. Online, illus. in color
Mexico: A Revolution in Art 1910 - 1940. Exh. cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2013, Illus. in color p. 16 (detail), p. 197, cat. no. 177
Miller, Peter Benson, ed. Go Figure! New Perspectives on Guston. New York: American Academy in Rome; New York Review of Books, 2014, mentioned in text p. 42, not illus.
Cole, Thomas B. "The Porch Philip Guston." JAMA, July 12, 2016, mentioned in text p. 132 as "The Gladiators" and from 1938, not illus.
Abstract Expressionism. Exh. cat. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2016, mentioned in text p. 26, not illus., listed as "The Gladiators" and from 1938
Evening Standard (London). "Tate 2021 season: Yayoi Kusama's Infinity Mirror Rooms and Turner Prize-winner Lubaina Himid exhibition announced." July 8, 2020. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Storr, Robert. Philip Guston: A Life Spent Painting. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2020, mentioned in text pp. 28, 197 and 290, not illus.
Mayer, Musa. Philip Guston. London: Laurence King Publishing, 2020, illus. in color p. 15 and mentioned in text p. 14
Cooper, Harry, Mark Godfrey, Alison de Lima Greene, and Kate Nesin. Philip Guston Now. Exh. cat. Washington D.C.: National Gallery of Art, 2020, illus. in color Plate 13 p. 25 and mentioned in text pp. 3, 11, 27 and 185-186
Seymour, Harry. "Growing up with Philip Guston -- my father." Christie's, February 5, 2021. Online, illus. in color
Saenger, Peter. "Philip Guston Made Images That Spark Arguments." Wall Street Journal, April 22, 2022. Online, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Saenger, Peter. "Images That Spark Arguments." Wall Street Journal, April 23-24, 2022, p. C14, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Marcus, J.S. "Controversially postponed Philip Guston show finally gets going. How has it changed?" Art Newspaper, April 26, 2022. Online, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Whyte, Murray. "The MFA recast artist Philip Guston amid a nationwide racial reckoning -- here's the result." Boston Globe, April 28, 2022. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Reynolds, Pamela. "After postponement, Philip Guston's work finally arrives at the MFA." WBUR, April 28, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Plagens, Peter. "Review: 'Philip Guston Now,' at Last." Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Whyte, Murray. "Guston show gives new entry points--and exits." Boston Globe, May 1, 2022, pp. N1, N2, illus. in color, illus. in color as part of an installation photo and mentioned in text
The Art Wolf. "Philip Guston, a much-needed retrospective. May 2, 2022. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Plagens, Peter. "In Boston, 'Philip Guston Now,' at Last." Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2022, p. A13, illus. in color
Tucci, Amanda. "Exposição de Philip Guston é finalmente inaugurada em Boston." Arte Que Acontece (São Paulo), May 5, 2022. Online, illus. in color
The Paper (Shanghai). "推迟两年的加斯顿展开幕，美术馆如何面对争议?" May 6, 2022. Online, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Hoffman, A.R. "Guston: A Genius Beyond Controversy." New York Sun, May 7, 2022. Online, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Masdearte.com (Madrid). "Mirar a Guston tras el asesinato de Floyd: El Museum of Fine Arts Boston muestra su obra más comprometida." May 10, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Bowen, Jared. 'Philip Guston Now' portrays art of controversial and confrontational painter. Washington D.C.: PBS News Hour, May 12, 2022. Video, illus. in color as part of an installation photo
Fendrich, Laurie. "Philip Guston's existential ferocity." Two Coats of Paint, June 1, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Naves, Mario. "Finding Context: After a nearly two-year postponement, the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston became the first of four venues to open the Philip Guston Now exhibition." Art & Antiques, June 2022, pp. 34-39, illus. in color and mentioned in text p. 37
Budick, Ariella. "Cowardice and evil unmasked." Financial Times (London), June 18/19, 2022, section Life & Arts, p. 13, illus. in color
Bolton-Fasman, Judy. "The Art and Social Conscience of Jewish Artist Philip Guston." JewishBoston, June 28, 2022. Online, illus. in color as part of slideshow
Seisdedos, Iker. "Philip Guston: la corrección política puede herir su sensibilidad." El País (Madrid), July 15, 2022. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Schwabsky, Barry. "Philip Guston's Philosophy of Doubt." Nation, July 28, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Campanini, Cristiana. "Troubled Philip Guston." Abitare (Milan), August 3, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Michelman, Elizabeth. "Philip Guston's True Colors at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston." Artscope, August 9, 2022. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Greene, Alison de Lima. "Philip Guston: Living in a World Museum." h (Houston), Fall 2022, pp. 26-29, illus. in color p. 26 and mentioned in text pp. 27 and 29
Wilkin, Karen. "Philip Guston finally." New Criterion, September 2022. Online, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Gray, Chris. "Visual Arts Guide: Museums and galleries feature Gordon Parks, Philip Guston, Selena exhibits for fall." Houston Chronicle, September 15, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Goodman, Jonathan. "The Guston Foundation: The Maintenance of Philip Guston's Legacy." Brooklyn Rail, October 2022. Online., mentioned in text, not illus.
Art Daily. "Philip Guston Now, first retrospective in nearly 20 years, opens at the Museum of Fine Arts Houston." October 24, 2022. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Houston Style Magazine. "Philip Guston Now Opens at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Through January 2023." October 28, 2022. Online, illus. in color and mentioned in text
Coughlan, Andy. "Then and 'Now': Guston Retrospective Shows Artist Exploring Human Condition." Art of Living, November 18, 2022, pp. C3-C4, mentioned in text p. C3, not illus.
Coughlan, Andy. "Take a look at this Houston art exhibit through a Southeast Texan's eyes." Beaumont Enterprise, (Texas), November 21, 2022. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Fielder, Garland. "Review: 'Philip Guston Now' at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston." Glasstire (Texas), December 6, 2022. Online, illus. in color
Philip Guston. Lyon: FAGE éditions, 2022, illus. in color p. 7
Prashad, Vijay. "Socialism Is Not a Utopian Ideal, but an Achievable Necessity: The First Newsletter (2023)." Tricontinental, January 5, 2023. Online, illus. in color
Wilkin, Karen. "Philip Guston in Boston, Houston, and Washington." Hudson Review, Spring 2023. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Bui, Phong. "Philip Guston Now—A Personal Meditation." Brooklyn Rail, May 2023. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Bui, Phong. "Philip Guston Now—A Personal Meditation." Brooklyn Rail, July/August 2023, pp. 48-49, mentioned in text p. 48, not illus.
Nelson, Saul. "Insomniac Visions." Sidecar (NLR blog), November 24, 2023. Online, mentioned in text, not illus.
Lavrador, Judicaël. "L'art taillé dans le vif de Philip Guston." Beaux Arts Magazine, December 2023, pp. 66-73, illus. in color p. 69
Khasnis, Giridhar. "'Don't paint to be loved.'" Deccan Herald (Karnataka), February 10, 2024. Online, illus. in color
Dunbar, Max. "The Daily Struggle: Philip Guston and American Art in the 1930s." PhD diss. Washington University in St. Louis, 2024, illus. in color Fig. 4.10 p. 224